B??i? ????unting ??n???t? and Principles f?r Und?r?t?nding Businesses

B??i? ????unting ??n???t? and Principles f?r Und?r?t?nding Businesses Think ?b?ut ??ur d?il? r?utin?, ??u might ?t?? ?t a coffee ?h?? in th? morning, ??rh??? ??u w?rk?ut ?t the g?m in the ?ft?rn??n ?r go f?r dinn?r with friends in the evening.Ev?r? ?l??? th?t ??u visit, and ?v?r? business ??u ??nn??t with during that day, exists b???u?? of ?n idea and an ?ntr??r?n?ur.If ??u are thinking ?f ?wning a bu?in??? ?r ??hi?ving general ?u????? whether ??u ??m? fr?m a f?mil? of business owners, ?r you’re starting ?ut ?n your ?wn with n? previous experience it’? important to kn?w that it r??uir?? a l?t ?f hard work ?nd knowledge, especially in the 21?t ??ntur?.Businesses don’t ju?t run ?n their ?wn (w?ll except you’ve nurtur?d it ?v?r tim? ?nd ??t?bli?h?d a ??lf preserving ???t?m); th?r? are ??tiviti?? ?nd bu?in??? operations whi?h ?r? inv?lv?d in the production ?f v?lu? f?r its ?wn?r. Und?r?t?nding bu?in??? ?nd it ???r?ti?n? can reduce th? risk ?f f?iling.In addition t? und?r?t?ting a bu?in???, there are ??m? b??i? skills ?v?r? bu?in??? ?wn?r ?h?uld h ?v?.REQUIRED BUSINESS SKILLSRunning a small bu?in??? or ?n? bu?in??? ?ft?n r??uir?? th?t ??u become a jack-of-all-trades.It i? th?r?f?r? im??rt?nt t? kn?w th? ?kill? th?t you ?lr??d? posses and th??? that ??u’ll ?ith?r h?v? t? l??rn ?r d?l?g?t? t? others.The key bu?in??? skills to consider in?lud?:Basic Accounting: Thi? h?? to d? with which records t? keep, h?w to keep th?m ?nd h?w t? file them. Some ?f th? b??i? ????unting t?rm? include r?v?nu??, ?x??n???, ????t?, li?biliti??, in??m? ?t?t?m?nt, b?l?n?? sheet, ?nd ?t?t?m?nt ?f ???h fl?w?. H?ving thi? ?kill ??n r??ll? be of good u??.Str?t?gi? M?n?g?m?nt: Nothing can fun?ti?n well with?ut a ?l?n. This ?kill h?? t? d? with creating a ?tr?t?gi? plan f?r your business ?nd m?king sure you k??? t? it.Fin?n?i?l Management: B?ing able t? ?ff??tiv?l? manage ??ur finances i? ?riti??l. Y?u will n??d t? b? ?bl? t? f?r????t ??ur cash fl?w and sales, ?? w?ll as, m?nit?r ??ur profit and l???. H?ving ??und financial m?n?g?m?nt ?kill? will h?l? ??u t? run your bu?in??? ?r?fit?bl? ?nd ?r?t??t your fin?n?i?l inv??tm?nt.P???l? Management: This is a key ?kill in ?n? bu?in???: Hiring your first ?m?l???? and how t? m?n?g? th?m.Leadership: If ??u employ people l??d?r?hi? will b? a key skill. Y?u mu?t be ?bl? t? m?tiv?t? ??ur ?t?ff in ?rd?r to get th? best out ?f th?m and im?r?v? productivity. All???t? tim? to m?nt?r ?nd ????h your ?m?l?????.Marketing: If no ?n? knows your bu?in???, ?h?n??? ?r?, you might ?nd u? n?t m?king any r????n?bl? sales. You n??d th? skill on How to m?rk?t ??ur business thr?ugh traditional ?h?nn?l?, w?b and social m?di?.Sales: G?tting th? ?u?t?m?r i? one thing, fin?lizing a deal i? a diff?r?nt b?ll g?m?. You would n??d th? skill ?n how t? ??m?l?t? a ??l? ?nd l??k after your ?u?t?m?r?.C?mmuni??ti?n and n?g?ti?ti?n: Y?u will n??d to ??mmuni??t? ?nd n?g?ti?t? with your ?u??li?r?, ??t?nti?l inv??t?r?, ?u?t?m?r? and employees. Having ?ff??tiv? writt?n ?nd v?rb?l ??mmuni??ti?n skills will help you t? build good w?rk ing relationships. Every communication ?h?uld r?fl??t th? im?g? ??u are trying t? ?r?j??t.O??r?ti?n? Management: Ch???ing and m?n?ging your ?u??li?r?.N?tw?rking: Building g??d r?l?ti?n?hi?? thr?ugh n?tw?rking will h?l? you t? gr?w ??ur bu?in??? and give you th? ?u???rt you’ll Need.Curi??it?: The b??t business skill has ?lw??? been a healthy ?uri??it?. Thi? will lead ??u t? l??k int? wh?t ??ur ??m??tit?r? ?r? doing, and it will ?l?? ?ll?w ??u t? utiliz? n?w t??hn?l?gi?? to the b??t of ??ur ability t? ?tr??mlin? your bu?in??? ?nd ?v?n r???h ?ut t? n?w ?u?t?m?r?. Wh?n th? ?nl? limit ??u have i? wh?t you can imagine ?nd apply, just ?b?ut ?n?thing is possible.In thi? ?rti?l?, w? will b? t?lking ?b?ut b??i? ????unting, its ??n???t ?nd ?rin?i?l?? to h?l? you understand your bu?in???BASIC ACCOUNTING For some, the first n?m? that might ??m? t? mind wh?n r?f?r?n?ing early accounting history is Lu?? P??i?li. P??i?li d???rib?d d?ubl?-?ntr? bookkeeping in hi? b??k; Summ? de Arithm?ti??, G??m?t ri?, Pr???rti?ni ?t Pr???rti?n?lit? in 1494.While th?t m?? ??und lik? a l?ng tim? ?g?, accounting m?? have r??t? that tr??? back even ??rli?r. A???unting h?? been ?r?und f?r ??nturi??. It’s a ?riti??l part ?f bu?in???, r???rd-k???ing, ?nd lif? in g?n?r?l.The fir?t r???rd of ????unting occurred thousands ?f years ?g? in M?????t?mi? ?nd has evolved into th? intricate element ?f bu?in??? ?nd lif? th?t it i? todayWhat Is Accounting?A???unting i? regarded ?? the l?ngu?g? ?f business. Thr?ugh a systematic ??ri?? ?f ?t??? kn?wn as ????unting cycle, it gathers inf?rm?ti?n about business transactions ?nd generates r???rt? ?b?ut the entity. It i? a m??n? thr?ugh whi?h business entities ??mmuni??t? information t? different u??r?.Accounting i? tr?m?nd?u?l? important, and as ??id ??rli?r, it is the l?ngu?g? ?f bu?in???, ?nd i? at th? root ?f making inf?rm?d bu?in??? d??i?i?n?. With?ut ????unting, you would n?t know whi?h ?r?du?t? were ?u?????ful, whi?h bu?in??? d??i?i?n? were th? right ?n??, a nd whether ??ur bu?in??? is making profits.Y?u w?uld n?t kn?w h?w mu?h to ??? in t?x??, wh?th?r to l???? ?r buy an ????t, or whether t? m?rg? with ?n?th?r bu?in??? ?r ?t?rt a whole n?w fr?n?hi??.In short, ????unting d???nt ju?t count the beans, it measures your business ?u????? at m??ting it? g??l? and it h?l?? ?th?r? inv??ting in ??ur bu?in??? t? und?r?t?nd h?w efficiently th?ir economic resources ?r? being u??d. Thi? i? why ??u mu?t b? proficient in ????unting in order to achieve business success.Accounting can b? ??ntr?v?r?i?l, in th?t ????unting rul?? ?nd methods ?r? ??m?tim?? subject to int?r?r?t?ti?n ?r ??n ?????r to di?t?rt a ??m??n?? true ??rf?rm?n??. Thi? is ?n?th?r important reason th?t effective l??d?r? and managers mu?t th?r?ughl? und?r?t?nd th? im???t ?f basic ????unting knowledge th?ir decisions.Fi?ld? ?f A???untingA???unt?nt? typically work in ?n? ?f tw? m?j?r fi?ld?. Management ????unt?nt? ?r?vid? information ?nd analysis t? d??i?i?n m?k?r? in?id? th? ?rg?niz?ti?n in ?rd?r t? h?l? them run it.Fin?n?i?l ????unt?nt? furni?h information t? individu?l? ?nd gr?u?? b?th in?id? and outside th? ?rg?niz?ti?n in ?rd?r t? h?l? th?m ?????? its fin?n?i?l ??rf?rm?n??.In ?th?r w?rd?, management ????unting h?l?? ??u keep your bu?in??? running while financial accounting t?ll? ??u how w?ll you’re running it.Management A???untingM?n?g?m?nt accounting ?l??? a key r?l? in h?l?ing m?n?g?r? ??rr? ?ut th?ir r????n?ibiliti??. R???rt? ?r? t?il?r?d to th? needs of individual m?n?g?r?, ?nd th? ?ur???? ?f such r???rt? i? t? supply relevant, accurate, timely inf?rm?ti?n in a format th?t will ?id managers in m?king d??i?i?n?.In ?r???ring, analyzing, ?nd ??mmuni??ting such information, accountants work with individu?l? from ?ll the functional ?r??? of the organization human resources, ???r?ti?n?, m?rk?ting, ?nd finance.Financial A???untingFin?n?i?l accounting furni?h?? inf?rm?ti?n to individu?l? ?nd gr?u?? b?th inside ?nd ?ut?id? th? ?rg?niz?ti?n t? h?l? th?m ?????? the fi rm’? fin?n?i?l ??rf?rm?n??.Th??? fin?n?i?l r???rt? in?luding the income ?t?t?m?nt, th? balance sheet, ?nd th? ?t?t?m?nt ?f ???h fl?w? ?umm?riz? a ??m??n?’? ???t ??rf?rm?n?? and ?v?lu?t? its fin?n?i?l health.Learning accounting i? lik? any n?w skill. Th?r? is a l??rning ?urv?, ?nd th? skill n??d? t? be ?r??ti??d, ?r used in thi? ????, in ?rd?r f?r it t? be effective.People b?rn ?? right-br?in think?r? tend to b? b?tt?r ?t ?r??tiv?, im?gin?tiv?, ????i?n?t? ??tiviti??. Th?n, th?r? ?r? those born as l?ft-br?in think?r?, naturally adept ?t w?rking with numb?r?, ???l?ing l?gi??l r????ning, ?nd ?n?l?ti??ll? ??lving ?r?bl?m?.R?g?rdl??? ?f whi?h ??t?g?r? you f?ll int?, the truth i? th?t ?n??n? can learn th? b??i? ?rin?i?l?? ?f accounting ?nd develop a knack f?r managing the financial ?????t? of a bu?in???.The upside ?f l??rning b??i? ????unting ?rin?i?l?? is th?t, r?g?rdl??? of wh?th?r it i? a large F?rtun? 500 ??m??n? ?r a ?m?ll ?ntr??r?n?uri?l ?t?rt-u?, th? ??m? fund?m?nt?l rul?? ??? l? wh?n working with th? b?tt?m line.If you h?v? access t? ??ur ??m??n?? fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt?, please t?k? the time to apply ?ur ?x?m?l?? t? your ??m??n?? fin?n?i?l?.BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLESIn ?rd?r to b???m? effective in ??rr?ing out th? ????unting ?r???dur?, ?? well ?? in communication, th?r? i? a wid?l? ?????t?d ??t ?f rules, ??n???t? ?nd ?rin?i?l?? th?t g?v?rn? th? ???li??ti?n of th? ????unting.Th??? concepts ?nd ?rin?i?l?? ?r? r?f?rr?d t? ?? th? Generally A????t?d A???unting Prin?i?l?? or GAAP.It is very important you l??rn ?nd familiarize ??ur??lf with the ????unting principles ?nd concepts r?l?v?nt in th? ??rf?rm?n?? of the ????unting ?r???dur?? which can h?l? ??u und?r?t?nd ?n? bu?in???. Having th??? ??n???t? ?nd ?rin?i?l?? ?t ??u fing?rti?? ??n allow you ???l? th?m during th? accounting ?r?????.GAAP i? th? fr?m?w?rk ?nd guid?lin?? ?f th? ????unting profession. It? ?ur???? i? t? ?t?nd?rdiz? th? accounting ??n???t?, principles ?nd ?r???dur??.H?r? ?r? a few ?f t h??? ??n???t? and ?rin?i?l??.1. Business Entit? ??n???tIn ????unting w? tr??t a business ?r ?n ?rg?niz?ti?n ?nd it? ?wn?r? ?? tw? ????r?t?l? id?ntifi?bl? ??rti??. Thi? ??n???t is ??ll?d bu?in??? ?ntit? concept. It m??n? th?t ??r??n?l tr?n???ti?n? of ?wn?r? ?r? tr??t?d ????r?t?l? fr?m th??? ?f th? bu?in???.The bu?in??? i? th? entity th?t attempts t? generate ?r?fit? fr?m it? operations; wh?r? ??, an owner is someone wh? attempts t? generate r?turn? on his ?r h?r investment in th? bu?in???.Bu?in????? ?r? ?rg?niz?d ?ith?r ?? a ?r??ri?t?r?hi?, a ??rtn?r?hi? or a ??m??n?.Th?? diff?r ?n th? l?v?l ?f ??ntr?l th? ultim?t? ?wn?r? ?x?r?i?? ?n th? business, but in ?ll f?rm? th? ??r??n?l tr?n???ti?n? ?f th? ?wn?r? are n?t mix?d u? with th? tr?n???ti?n? ?nd ????unt? ?f th? business.Here ?r? ??v?r?l ?x?m?l?? ?f th? business ?ntit? ??n???t:Assume Dave, a local l?nd????ing bu?in??? owner, decides t? br?n?h ?ut ?nd bu? another existing bu?in???: a ??n?r?t? company. Thi? w?? his ??n?r?t? ??m??n? can pour footings ?nd w?lkw??? and his landscaping bu?in??? ??n landscape around th?m. Sin?? D?v? ?wn? both ??m??ni?? ??r??n?ll?, h? thinks th?t he can ??mbin? both companies ????unting r???rd? int? ?n? Quickbooks file. According to th? bu?in??? ?ntit? concept, both ?f these ??m??ni?? ?r? separate ?ntiti?? ?nd mu?t b? ????unt?d f?r ????r?t?l? ?v?n th?ugh D?v? i? th? ?wn?r ?f both ??m??ni??. If Dave’s landscaping company h?d bought th? ??n?r?t? company, b?th ??m??ni?? would h?v? m?rg?d ?nd ??uld b? r???rt?d t?g?th?r.J?hn, a ??rtn?r in Big H?u?? R??lt?, LLC, often u??? hi? company ?r?dit card f?r ??r??n?l expenses lik? dry ?l??ning ?nd n?w ?l?th??. He in?i?t? that th??? ?r? business ?x??n??? b???u?? h? mu?t wear n?w ?l?th?? in order t? ?h?w houses. Unf?rtun?t?l?, th??? ?r? not business expenses. Clothing i? a ??r??n?l ?x??n?? ?nd can’t be recorded in th? ??m??n? fin?n?i?l statements. Thi? w?uld vi?l?t? th? bu?in??? entity ??n???t. Instead, th??? tr?n???ti?n? should b? ????unt?d for as ?n owner withdr?w?l.Dan, ?n owner ?f a pizza shop, d??id?? t? bu? a n?w d?liv?r? ??r. Sin?? th? ??m??n? w?? l?w ?n ???h, D?n d??id?d t? ??? f?r the car him??lf ?ut ?f hi? personal b?nk account. Dan intends t? ?dd th? ??r t? th? b?l?n?? sheet ?f th? ?izz? ?h??. Th? ???n?mi? ?ntit? ?rin?i?l? r??uir?? D?n and hi? ??m??n? t? keep ??tiviti?? ????r?t?d, ?? th? ??r mu?t r?m?in a personal vehicle unl??? Dan ??ntribut?? it to th? company or th? ??m??n? bu?? it fr?m D?n ??r??n?ll?.2. M?n?t?r? Unit conceptIn ????unting w? ??n communicate only th??? bu?in??? tr?n???ti?n? and other ?v?nt? which ??n b? ?x?r????d in m?n?t?r? unit?.Thi? is ??ll?d m?n?t?r? unit ??n???t (?l?? kn?wn as m?n?? m???ur?m?nt concept).Th? ??n???t ?t?t?? th?t ‘m?n??’ will b? taken ?? unit ?f m???ur?m?nt whil? r???rding bu?in??? tr?n???ti?n? ?nd ???n?mi? ?v?nt?.An inf?rm?ti?n th?t ??nn?t be ?x?r????d in t?rm? of m?n?? is useless f?r fin?n?i?l ????unting ?ur???? ?nd i? th?r?f?r? not r???rd?d.The monetary unit i? a simple and univ?r??ll? r???gniz?d b??i? ?f communicating financial information. It is th? most ???r??ri?t? and ?ff??tiv? basis of r???rding, communicating and ?n?l?zing th? fin?n?i?l data on th? b??i? of whi?h rational business d??i?i?n? ??n be m?d?.The monetary unit ?rin?i?l?, however, i? n?t ??n??rn?d with infl?ti?n ?v?r tim?. It d??l? m?r? with th? ?bilit? t? m???ur? tr?n???ti?n? in m?n?? with?ut dr??ti? flu?tu?ti?n? in ?urr?n?? v?lu?? in th? ?h?rt-t?rm.A v?r? ?l???l? r?l?t?d concept t? th? m?n?t?r? unit assumption i? th? ?t?bl? d?ll?r v?lu? ???um?ti?n whi?h m??n? th?t th? d?ll?r (or ?n? ?th?r ?urr?n??) d??? n?t lose it? ?ur?h??ing ??w?r ?v?r tim?.Th? fact th?t th? m?n?? l???? it? purchasing ??w?r b???u?? ?f infl?ti?n i? ign?r?d while r???rding tr?n???ti?n? in ????unting.H?r? ?r? ??m? Ex?m?l??Unit?d Aut?m?bil?? (Pvt) Limited purchased a piece of l?nd to ?t?r? it? r?w materials f?r $40,000 in th? ???r 2001. Und?r the M?n?t?r? Unit Assumption ?rin?i?l?, thi? l?nd was r???rd?d in th? b??k? of accounts ?t same price. With th? ?????g? of tim? due t? infl?ti?n?r? f??t?r? the ????t h?? ?tt?in?d ??n?id?r?bl? high m?rk?t value ?nd n?w in the ???r 2018, this ????t? is ?nj??ing a m?rk?t v?lu? ?f $340,000. But ?till thi? ????t i? b?ing ?h?wn on the f??? ?f balance ?h??t with it? historical cost ?f $40,000 b???u?? infl?ti?n?r? f??t?r? or inflation d??? n?t influ?n??? th? monetary concept in accounting.The CEO ?f Fine Ent?r?ri?? delivers a l??tur? t? th? ?m?l????? in a special m??ting th?t ??n be helpful in r?i?ing th? employees’ m?r?l? and completing the ?urr?nt ?r?j??t? on tim?. As th? v?lu? ?f the l??tur? cannot b? m???ur?d in t?rm? ?f m?n??, it ??nn?t be r???rd?d in the books of accounts of Fine Enterprise.3. A??ru?l ??n???tA??ru?l concept is th? m??t fundamental principle of accounting whi?h requires recording r?v?nu?? when th?? are ??rn?d ?nd not when th?? ?r? r???iv?d in ???h, and recording ?x??n??? wh?n th?? ?r? in?urr?d ?nd n?t wh?n th?? are ??id.GAAP ?ll?w? ?r???r?t i?n ?f financial statements ?n ???ru?l b??i? ?nl? (and not ?n ???h b??i?). Thi? i? because under ???ru?l ??n???t r?v?nu?? ?nd ?x??n??? ?r? r???rd?d in th? ??ri?d t? whi?h they r?l?t? and not wh?n they ?r? r???iv?d or paid. A??li??ti?n of ???ru?l ??n???t r??ult? in ???ur?t? r???rting ?f net income, assets, li?biliti?? ?nd retained ??rning? whi?h im?r?v?? ?n?l??i? ?f th? ??m??n?’? fin?n?i?l ??rf?rm?n?? ?nd fin?n?i?l ???iti?n ?v?r diff?r?nt ??ri?d?.At th? ?nd ?f ???h r???rting ??ri?d, ??m??ni?? ???? adjusting j?urn?l entries t? r???rd any accruals, f?r example ???ru?l ?f utilities ?x??n??, int?r??t expense, accrual of w?g?? ?nd ??l?ri??, ?dju?tm?nt ?f ?r????m?nt?, etc.For ?x?m?l? a ?r?dit sale w?? m?d? t? ?n? ?u?t?m?r w?rth 5,000 in th? m?nth ?f Jul?. Cu?t?m?r has promised to m?k? the ???m?nt b? n?xt month i.?. Augu?t. If recording of 5,000 i? d?l???d until th? m?nth ?f August i.e. ???h i? ??tu?ll? r???iv?d th?n financial ?t?t?m?nt? prepared f?r m?nth ?nd?d Jul? will n?t give an ???r ??ri?t? view ?f th? bu?in??? due t? f?ll?wing r????n?:S?l?? r?v?nu? will be understated b? 5,000 because ?ntit? h?? ??rn?d th? in??m?. It? just that cash has n?t r???h?d ?ntit? ?g?in?t ?u?h sale. In ?h?rt incomes ?r? und?r?t?t?d.A???t? ?f th? entity will b? und?r?t?t?d ?? ?ntit? h?? the right t? r???iv? ???h ?f 5,000 i.?. it i? r???iv?bl? fr?m ?u?t?m?r and he is a debtor. R???iv?bl?? ?r d?bt?r? ?r? ????t? of th? ?rg?niz?ti?n as they owe m?n?? to it. So by n?t r???rding 5,000 as receivables u??r? will n?t h?v? ?n? idea how m?n? ???h i? t? b? received b? the entity in th? futur?.If th? r???rding is d?l???d until Augu?t, this inf?rm?ti?n b? th?t time will h?v? n? use ?? it r?l?t?? t? July ?nd b? Augu?t u??r requires inf?rm?ti?n ??rt?ining t? the m?nth ?f Augu?t.4. Tim? Period ??n???tAlthough bu?in????? intend t? ??ntinu? in l?ng-t?rm, it i? ?lw??? helpful t? ????unt for their ??rf?rm?n?? and ???iti?n b???d ?n ??rt?in time ??ri?d? b???u?? it ?r?vid?? timely f??db??k ?nd h?l?? in making tim?l? d??i?i?n?. The tim? ??ri?d ?rin?i?l? i? the concept th?t a bu?in??? should r???rt the financial r??ult? ?f it? ??tiviti?? over a ?t?nd?rd tim? period, whi?h i? u?u?ll? monthly, ?u?rt?rl?, ?r ?nnu?ll?.Und?r tim? period concept, financial ?t?t?m?nt? are prepared ?u?rt?rl?, half-yearly or ?nnu?ll?. The in??m? statement provides ?n insight int? th? ??rf?rm?n?? of th? ??m??n? f?r a ??ri?d of tim?.The b?l?n?? ?h??t (?l?? kn?wn as the ?t?t?m?nt ?f fin?n?i?l ???iti?n) ?r?vid?? a ?n???h?t ?f th? bu?in??? fin?n?i?l ???iti?n (????t?, liabilities and equity) at the ?nd ?f th? time ??ri?d. Th? ?t?t?m?nt ?f cash fl?w? ?nd the ?t?t?m?nt ?f ?h?ng?? in ??uit? provide d?t?il of h?w the companys fin?n?i?l ???iti?n ?h?ng?d during the tim? ??ri?d.On? im?li??ti?n ?f th? tim? period ???um?ti?n i? that you h?v? t? make ??tim?t?? ?nd judgm?nt? at th? ?nd ?f th? tim? ??ri?d to correctly d??id? whi?h ?v?nt? n??d t? b? reported in th? current time period ?nd which ?n?? in th? n?xt.Examples:Take publicly tr?d?d ??m??ni?? for ?x?m?l?. They typically ?r?du?? ?u?rt?rl? financial statements. S?m? ??m??ni?? even produce m?nthl? or w??kl? ?t?t?m?nt?. Th? tim? ??ri?d principle ?ll?w? these ??m??ni?? to divid? u? their ???r?ti?n? ?nd activities into time periods in?t??d ?f productions processes ?r j?b?. Thi? i? ??nv?ni?nt f?r l?nd?r? ?nd investors to ??? company wide ?r?gr??? ?? w?ll ?? gr?wth.C?m??n? A ?r?vid?? services v?luing $2,500 t? C?m??n? B during the first quarter ?f the ???r. Th? C?m??n? B will pay th? ???h f?r these services n?xt quarter. A???rding t? time ??ri?d ???um?ti?n, if C?m??n? A ?r???r?? it? financial statements ?t th? ?nd ?f th? first ?u?rt?r of the year, it mu?t include this ??rvi?? revenue ?f $2,500 in it? in??m? ?t?t?m?nt f?r th? first ?u?rt?r.Ag?in if Company A in?ur? expenses of $1,200 during th? first ?u?rt?r ?f th? ???r. Th? ???h f?r th??? ?x??n??? will b? ??id n?xt ?u?rt?r. Th? tim? ??ri?d assumption r??uir?? C?m??n? A t? di??l??? th??? ?x??n??? ?n th? income ? t?t?m?nt f?r th? fir?t ?u?rt?r ?f the ???r.5. C??t Prin?i?l?Ev?n if ??u’r? a n?vi?? in ????unting, you ?r?b?bl? already know that ????t? ?r? a ?ru?i?l ??rt of th? accounting ?r?????.In f??t, th??’r? ?n integral part ?f th? accounting equation itself. But how ??u record ??ur company’s ????t? ?l?? ??m?? into ?l?? in one ?f th? f?und?ti?n?l ????unting principles: th? cost ?rin?i?l?.From an ????unt?nt? ??int of view, th? t?rm ???t r?f?r? to th? ?m?unt ???nt (???h ?r th? ???h equivalent) wh?n ?n it?m w?? ?rigin?ll? obtained, whether that purchase h????n?d l??t year ?r thirt? ???r? ?g?. For thi? reason, the amounts ?h?wn ?n financial ?t?t?m?nt? ?r? referred to ?? hi?t?ri??l ???t amounts.B???u?? of thi? ????unting ?rin?i?l? asset ?m?unt? ?r? n?t ?dju?t?d u?w?rd f?r infl?ti?n. In f??t, ?? a g?n?r?l rul?, asset amounts are n?t adjusted t? r?fl??t ?n? t??? ?f in?r???? in value.H?n??, ?n ????t ?m?unt does n?t r?fl??t the ?m?unt ?f m?n?? a ??m??n? w?uld r???iv? if it were t? ??ll th? ???? t at t?d??? market v?lu?. (An ?x???ti?n i? certain investments in ?t??k? and b?nd? th?t ?r? actively tr?d?d ?n a ?t??k ?x?h?ng?.)If you w?nt to know the current v?lu? ?f a ??m??n?? l?ng-t?rm assets, you will n?t g?t thi? information fr?m a companys financial statementsâ€"you n??d t? l??k ?l??wh?r?, perhaps to a third-??rt? appraiser.Example: This ??n b? a littl? tricky if ???h i?n’t u??d in a tr?n???ti?n. F?r instance, wh?t if ?n asset i? traded f?r ?n?th?r asset?M?n? ??m??ni?? trade in ?ld?r w?rk v?hi?l?? for n?w ?n?? ?n a r?gul?r b??i?.In thi? ????, the ??m??n? w?uld record th? cost ?f th? new vehicle as th? ?m?unt ??id in ???h ?lu? th? cash v?lu? ?f the trade-in v?hi?l?.As ??u ??n ???, th? ???t principle ?m?h??iz?? only r???rding ???t? th?t ??tu?ll? ???urr?d f?r ??tu?l amounts paid. S?m?tim?? this ??n???t can distort the balance ?h??t. E????i?ll? f?r appreciating assets that were purchased ???r? ?g? lik? r??l ??t?t?. Going b??k t? ?ur tr?d?-in ?x?m?l?, th? company that traded i n th?ir ??r might h?v? g?tt?n a g??d d??l ?n th? new ??r. In?t??d of paying th? full r?t?il price ?f $30,000, it only h?d to ??? $23,000.Ev?n though the ??r i? t??hni??ll? w?rth $30,000, th? ??m??n? records th? cost ?n th? balance ?h??t of $23,000 because th?t this is th? amount th?t was actually paid f?r th? ??r.S?m? might ?rgu? that the ????t? ?n the balance ?h??t ?r? understated because th?? r?fl??t the hi?t?ri??l cost in?t??d of the m?rk?t ?ri??, but hi?t?ri??l ???t i? m?r? reliable and ?bj??tiv? than th? m?rk?t ?ri??.6. Full Di??l??ur? Prin?i?l?The full di??l??ur? ?rin?i?l? ?t?t?? th?t ??u ?h?uld in?lud? in ?n ?ntit?? fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt? ?ll inf?rm?ti?n that would ?ff??t a r??d?r? und?r?t?nding ?f those ?t?t?m?nt?.Th? int?r?r?t?ti?n ?f this ?rin?i?l? is highl? judgm?nt?l, ?in?? th? ?m?unt ?f inf?rm?ti?n th?t ??n b? ?r?vid?d i? ??t?nti?ll? m???iv?.T? reduce th? amount ?f di??l??ur?, it i? ?u?t?m?r? t? ?nl? di??l??? inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut ?v?nt? th?t are lik?l? to h?v? a m?t?ri?l imp act ?n the ?ntit?? fin?n?i?l position ?r fin?n?i?l r??ult?.This di??l??ur? m?? in?lud? items th?t ??nn?t ??t be precisely ?u?ntifi?d, such ?? th? presence ?f a di??ut? with a g?v?rnm?nt entity ?v?r a tax ???iti?n, ?r th? ?ut??m? of ?n ?xi?ting lawsuit. Full di??l??ur? ?l?? m??n? th?t you ?h?uld ?lw??? r???rt existing ????unting ??li?i??, as w?ll as ?n? ?h?ng?? t? th??? ??li?i?? (such ?? changing ?n ????t v?lu?ti?n method) fr?m the ??li?i?? ?t?t?d in th? fin?n?i?l? f?r a ?ri?r ??ri?d.Th? full di??l??ur? ??n???t is n?t u?u?ll? f?ll?w?d for int?rn?ll?-g?n?r?t?d fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt?, wh?r? m?n?g?m?nt m?? only w?nt to r??d the b?r? b?n?? fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt?.7. G?ing Concern Prin?i?l?The going ??n??rn ??n???t im?li?? that th? business ?ntit? will ??ntinu? its ???r?ti?n? in th? future and will n?t liquidate ?r b? f?r??d t? di???ntinu? ???r?ti?n? due t? any reason. A ??m??n? i? a going ??n??rn if n? ?vid?n?? is ?v?il?bl? t? b?li?v? that it will or will h?v? to ????? it? ???r?ti?n? in f?r?? ???bl? futur?.An ?x?m?l? ?f th? ???li??ti?n ?f g?ing concern ??n???t ?f ????unting i? th? ??m?ut?ti?n ?f d??r??i?ti?n ?n th? b??i? of ?x???t?d economic life ?f fix?d ????t? rather th?n th?ir ?urr?nt market v?lu?.C?m??ni?? ???um? that th?ir business will ??ntinu? for an indefinite ??ri?d ?f tim? ?nd the assets will b? used in the business until full? d??r??i?t?d.Another ?x?m?l? ?f th? g?ing concern assumption is the ?r????m?nt and ???ru?l ?f ?x??n???. C?m??ni?? prepay and accrue ?x??n??? because they b?li?v? that they will ??ntinu? ???r?ti?n? in futur?.Th? going ??n??rn ??n???t is ???li??bl? t? the company’s bu?in??? ?? a whole. If, f?r ?x?m?l?, a ??m??n? ?l???? a ?m?ll bu?in??? ??gm?nt or di???ntinu?? ?n? ?f it? ?r?du?t and ??ntinu?? with ?th?r?, it d??? n?t mean th?t th? ??m??n? is no l?ng?r a g?ing concern because th? g?ing ??n??rn ??n???t is ???li??bl? t? th? entity ?? a wh?l? n?t t? th? ??rti?ul?r segment ?f bu?in??? ?r product.8. M?t?hing Prin?i?l?Thi? ????unting ?rin?i?l? r? ?uir?? ??m??ni?? t? use th? accrual b??i? ?f ????unting. Th? m?t?hing ?rin?i?l? r??uir?? th?t ?x??n??? b? matched with revenues. F?r ?x?m?l?, ?x??n?? fr?m ??l?? commission ?h?uld b? r???rt?d in the period wh?n the sales w?r? m?d? (?nd n?t r???rt?d in the period wh?n th? commissions w?r? ??id).W?g?? to ?m?l????? are reported ?? ?n ?x??n?? in the w??k when the ?m?l????? worked ?nd not in th? week wh?n the ?m?l????? ?r? ??id.If a ??m??n? ?gr??? t? giv? it? employees 1% ?f it? 2017 revenues as a bonus on January 15, 2018, the ??m??n? should report the b?nu? as ?n ?x??n?? in 2017 ?nd th? ?m?unt un??id ?t D???mb?r 31, 2017 ?? a li?bilit?. (Th? expense is ???urring ?? th? ??l?? ?r? ???urring.)Because we ??nn?t m???ur? th? futur? ???n?mi? benefit of thing? such ?? ?dv?rti??m?nt? (?nd th?r?b? w? ??nn?t m?t?h th? ad ?x??n?? with related futur? r?v?nu??), th? ????unt?nt ?h?rg?? th? ?d ?m?unt t? ?x??n?? in th? ??ri?d th?t th? ?d i? run.9. Materiality conceptTh? materiality ??n???t helps ?n?ur? th?t firms do n?t withhold ?riti??l inf?rm?ti?n from inv??t?r?, ?wn?r?, lenders, and r?gul?t?r?.The materiality ??n???t, also called the materiality ??n?tr?int, ?t?t?? that all m?t?ri?l it?m? mu?t b? ?r???rl? r???rt?d in financial ?t?t?m?nt?. An it?m i? ??n?id?r?d material if its in?lu?i?n ?r ?mi??i?n ?ignifi??ntl? im???t? the d??i?i?n ?f th? u??r? of fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt?.Th? items th?t h?v? v?r? little ?r no im???t ?n a u??r’? d??i?i?n ?r? t?rm?d ?? imm?t?ri?l ?r in?ignifi??nt it?m? Su?h items m?? be handled in m??t convenient and easiest manner. In ?h?rt, w? ??n ??? that if an item d??? n?t m?k? a diff?r?n??, it n??d n?t b? disclosed.Th? ??n???t of materiality is r?l?tiv? in size ?nd im??rt?n??. Some fin?n?i?l inf?rm?ti?n might be material t? ?n? ??m??n? but might be imm?t?ri?l to ?n?th?r. Thi? i? ??m?wh?t obvious when ??u think ?b?ut a ?m?ll ??m??n? verses a l?rg? ??m??n?.A l?rg? and m?t?ri?l expense t? a ?m?ll company might b? small an imm?t?ri?l t? a l?rg? ??m??n? b???u?? ?f their size ?nd revenue.Most of the time fin?n?i?l information m?t?ri?lit? i? judg?d ?n ?u?lit?tiv? and ?u?ntit?tiv? characteristics. Pr?f???i?n?l? ?r? often l?ft u? t? th?ir experience and g??d judgm?nt to und?r?t?nd what i? material ?nd wh?t i?n’t.Examples:Size A d?f?ult b? a ?u?t?m?r who owes only $1000 t? a company h?ving net ????t? of w?rth $10 milli?n i? imm?t?ri?l to th? fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt? of th? ??m??n?.However, if th? amount of d?f?ult w??, ???, $2 milli?n, th? inf?rm?ti?n w?uld have b??n material t? th? fin?n?i?l statements omission ?f which could ??u?? u??r? to m?k? in??rr??t bu?in??? d??i?i?n?.N?tur? If a ??m??n? i? planning to ?urt?il it? ???r?ti?n? in a g??gr??hi? ??gm?nt whi?h h?? traditionally b??n a major source of r?v?nu? f?r th? ??m??n? in the past, th?n thi? inf?rm?ti?n should b? di??l???d in th? fin?n?i?l statements as it i? b? its n?tur? m?t?ri?l t? understanding th? entitys ????? ?f ???r?ti?n? in the future.10. C?n??rv?ti?mThe conservatism ?rin?i?l? i? th? general concept ?f r???gnizing ?x??n??? ?nd li?biliti?? ?? ???n as ????ibl? when there is un??rt?int? about th? ?ut??m?, but not ?nl? r???gniz? r?v?nu?? and assets wh?n th?? ?r? ???ur?d of b?ing received.Thu?, wh?n giv?n a ?h?i?? b?tw??n several ?ut??m?? wh?r? the probabilities ?f ???urr?n?? are ??u?ll? lik?l?, ??u ?h?uld recognize th?t tr?n???ti?n resulting in the l?w?r amount ?f profit, or at least the d?f?rr?l of a ?r?fit.Simil?rl?, if a ?h?i?? of ?ut??m?? with similar ?r?b?biliti?? of occurrence will im???t th? v?lu? ?f an ????t, recognize th? tr?n???ti?n r??ulting in a lower r???rd?d asset v?lu?ti?n.Und?r th? conservatism principle, if th?r? i? uncertainty ?b?ut incurring a l???, you ?h?uld t?nd toward recording th? l???. Conversely, if there i? un??rt?int? ?b?ut r???rding a g?in, ??u ?h?uld n?t r???rd the g?in.Th? ??n??rv?ti?m principle ??n also b? applied t? r???gnizing estimates.F?r ?x?m?l?, if th? ??ll??ti?n? ?t?ff b?li?v?? th?t a ?lu?t?r of r???iv?bl?? will h?v? a 2% b?d d ebt ??r??nt?g? because of historical trend lines, but th? sales ?t?ff i? l??ning t?w?rd? a high?r 5% figure because ?f a ?udd?n dr?? in indu?tr? sales, u?? th? 5% figure wh?n ?r??ting an ?ll?w?n?? f?r d?ubtful accounts, unless th?r? i? ?tr?ng ?vid?n?? t? the ??ntr?r?.11. Reliable, V?rifi?bl?, ?nd ObjectiveIn ?dditi?n t? th? b??i? accounting ?rin?i?l?? ?nd concept, ????unting inf?rm?ti?n ?h?uld b? r?li?bl?, verifiable, ?nd ?bj??tiv?.For ?x?m?l?, ?h?wing l?nd at its ?rigin?l ???t ?f $10,000 (when it w?? purchased 50 years ?g?) i? considered to b? m?r? r?li?bl?, v?rifi?bl?, ?nd ?bj??tiv? than ?h?wing it ?t its ?urr?nt m?rk?t value ?f $250,000. Eight diff?r?nt ????unt?nt? will wh?ll? agree th?t th? ?rigin?l ???t ?f th? land w?? $10,000 th?? ??n r??d th? offer and ?????t?n?? f?r $10,000, see a transfer tax b???d on $10,000, ?nd r?vi?w documents th?t ??nfirm th? ???t was $10,000.If ??u ask the same ?ight ????unt?nt? to give ??u the lands ?urr?nt v?lu?, ??u will likely r???iv? ?ight diff? r?nt ??tim?t??. B???u?? th? current v?lu? ?m?unt i? less r?li?bl?, less v?rifi?bl?, ?nd l??? objective than the original ???t, th? ?rigin?l ???t i? used.Th? ????unting ?r?f???i?n h?? b??n willing t? move away from the ???t principle if th?r? are r?li?bl?, v?rifi?bl?, ?nd objective amounts inv?lv?d. F?r ?x?m?l?, if a ??m??n? h?? ?n investment in ?t??k th?t is ??tiv?l? traded ?n a ?t??k ?x?h?ng?, th? ??m??n? may b? r??uir?d t? show the ?urr?nt v?lu? ?f the stock in?t??d ?f its ?rigin?l ???t.APPLYING THESE BASIC ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES, AND HOW THEY AFFECT FINANCIAL STATEMENTTh? b??i? ????unting concept and principles directly ?ff??t th? w?? fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt? are ?r???r?d and int?r?r?t?d. L?t? l??k below ?t h?w ????unting ?rin?i?l?? and concepts influ?n?? th?;B?l?n?? ?h??t,In??m? statement, ?ndThe n?t?? t? th? financial ?t?t?m?nt?.B?l?n?? Sh??tLets ??? how th? b??i? ????unting principles and ??n???t? affect the b?l?n?? ?h??t ?f B?n? D??ign S?rvi??, a sole ?r??ri?t?r?hi? ? wn?d b? B?n Smith.A b?l?n?? sheet i? more lik? a snapshot ?f a ??m??n?? assets, li?biliti??, and owners equity ?t ?n? ??int in time. (In this ????, that ??int in time is ?ft?r ?ll of th? transactions through April 30, 2018 h?ving been r???rd?d.)B???u?? ?f the economic ?ntit? assumption, ?nl? the ????t?, li?biliti??, ?nd owners ??uit? ????ifi??ll? id?ntifi?d with B?n? Design S?rvi?? are ?h?wn th? ??r??n?l ????t? ?f the ?wn?r, B?n Smith, are not included on the companys balance sheet.BENS DESIGN SERVICEBALANCE SHEET30-April-18ASSETS($)    LIABILITY($)CASH300NOTES PAYABLE1000ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1000ACCOUNTS PAYABLE325SUPPLIES160WAGES PAYABLE75PREPAID INSURANCE90UNEARNED REVENUES100LAND10000TOTAL LIABILITIES1500OWNERS EQUITYBEN SMITH CAPITAL10500TOTAL ASSETS11550TOTAL LIABILITIES OWNERS EQUITY11550Th? assets li?t?d ?n the b?l?n?? ?h??t have a cost that can b? m???ur?d ?nd ???h ?m?unt ?h?wn i? th? ?rigin?l ???t ?f ???h asset. F?r ?x?m?l?, lets assume that a tract of l?nd w?? purchased i n 1956 f?r $10,000. B?n? D??ign S?rvi?? ?till ?wn? the l?nd, ?nd th? land i? n?w ???r?i??d at $250,000.Th? ???t ?rin?i?l? r??uir?? that th? land b? ?h?wn in th? ????t ????unt L?nd ?t its original cost ?f $10,000 r?th?r th?n ?t th? r???ntl? appraised amount ?f $250,000.If Bens D??ign Service were to purchase a ????nd ?i??? ?f land, the monetary unit ???um?ti?n dictates that th? ?ur?h??? ?ri?? ?f th? l?nd b?ught today w?uld simply b? added to th? purchase ?ri?? ?f th? land b?ught in 1956, ?nd the sum ?f th? tw? purchase ?ri??? would b? r???rt?d as th? t?t?l ???t of land.The Su??li?? ????unt shows the cost of ?u??li?? (if m?t?ri?l in amount) th?t w?r? ?bt?in?d b? B?n? D??ign S?rvi?? but have n?t yet been used. A? the ?u??li?? ?r? consumed, their ???t will b? moved to th? Su??li?? Ex??n?? account on the income statement.Thi? ??m?li?? with the matching principle whi?h r??uir?? expenses t? be m?t?h?d ?ith?r with r?v?nu?? ?r with th? tim? period when th?? ?r? used. Th? ???t ?f the unu??d ? u??li?? r?m?in? on the b?l?n?? sheet in the asset ????unt Su??li??.The Pr???id In?ur?n?? ????unt r??r???nt? th? ???t ?f in?ur?n?? that h?? not ??t ?x?ir?d. A? th? insurance ?x?ir??, the ?x?ir?d ???t is m?v?d t? In?ur?n?? Ex??n?? on the income ?t?t?m?nt as required by the matching principle.The ???t ?f th? insurance th?t has n?t yet expired r?m?in? on B?n? Design S?rvi??? b?l?n?? ?h??t (is d?f?rr?d to the balance ?h??t) in the ????t account Pr???id Insurance. D?f?rring in?ur?n?? expense to th? balance sheet i? possible b???u?? of ?n?th?r b??i? accounting ?rin?i?l?, the g?ing concern ???um?ti?n.Th? ???t ?rin?i?l? ?nd m?n?t?r? unit ???um?ti?n ?r?v?nt some v?r? valuable ????t? fr?m ?v?r ?????ring ?n a companys balance ?h??t. F?r ?x?m?l?, companies that ??ll ??n?um?r ?r?du?t? with high ?r?fil? br?nd n?m??, tr?d? n?m??, trademarks, ?nd l?g?? are not r???rt?d on their b?l?n?? sheets because th?? w?r? n?t purchased. F?r example, C???-C?l?? l?g? ?nd Nik?? l?g? are probably the most valuable assets ?f such ??m??ni??, ??t they ?r? not li?t?d ?? assets ?n th? ??m??n? balance ?h??t.Similarly, a ??m??n? might h?v? an ?x??ll?nt r??ut?ti?n ?nd a very ?kill?d m?n?g?m?nt team, but because th??? w?r? n?t purchased for a specific cost ?nd we ??nn?t ?bj??tiv?l? m???ur? th?m in dollars, they are not reported as ????t? ?n th? b?l?n?? sheet.If a ??m??n? ??tu?ll? ?ur?h???? th? tr?d?m?rk ?f another ??m??n? f?r a significant cost, th? ?m?unt ??id for th? tr?d?m?rk will b? r???rt?d ?? an ????t ?n th? balance ?h??t of th? ??m??n? th?t b?ught th? tr?d?m?rk.In??m? St?t?m?ntLets see how th? basic ????unting ?rin?i?l?? ?nd ??n???t? might ?ff??t th? in??m? ?t?t?m?nt ?f Bens Design S?rvi??.An in??m? ?t?t?m?nt ??v?r? a period ?f tim? (or tim? interval), such ?? a ???r, ?u?rt?r, m?nth, ?r four w??k?. It is im??r?tiv? t? indicate th? period of time in th? h??ding ?f th? in??m? ?t?t?m?nt ?u?h as F?r th? four M?nth? End?d April 30, 2018. (This m??n? f?r th? ??ri?d ?f J?nu?r? 1 through April 30, 2018 .)If prepared und?r th? ???ru?l basis of ????unting, ?n in??m? statement will ?h?w h?w ?r?fit?bl? a company w?? during the stated time interval.B?n? design ??rvi??INCOME STATEMENTFOR THE FOUR MONTHS ENDING APRIL 30, 2018REVENUES AND GAINS ($)10000REVENUES5000GAIN ON LAND SALE15000TOTALEXPENSES AND LOSSES ($)EXPENSES8000LOSS ON COMPUTER SALE350TOTAL8350NET INCOME6650The n?t?? t? th? fin?n?i?l statementsR?v?nu??: Th??? ?r? th? fees th?t w?r? ??rn?d during th? ??ri?d ?f tim? ?h?wn in the h??ding. R???gnizing revenues wh?n th?? are ??rn?d in?t??d of wh?n the ???h is ??tu?ll? received f?ll?w? th? r?v?nu? recognition principle ?nd th? matching ?rin?i?l?. (The m?t?hing principle is what steers accountants toward using th? ???ru?l b??i? of ????unting rather th?n the ???h b??i?. Sm?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r? should discuss th??? tw? m?th?d? with th?ir tax advisors.)G?in: This i? the n?t ?m?unt r?l?t?d t? tr?n???ti?n? th?t are not considered ??rt ?f th? ??m??n?? m?in ???r?ti?n?. F?r ?x?m?l?, B?n? D?? ign S?rvi?? is in th? bu?in??? ?f d??igning, not in th? land development business. If th? company ?h?uld ??ll ??m? l?nd for $30,000 (l?nd th?t is shown in th? ??m??n?? ????unting r???rd? ?t $25,000) B?n? Design Service will r???rt a G?in ?n S?l? ?f L?nd ?f $5,000. Th? $30,000 selling ?ri?? will n?t b? reported ?? ??rt of th? companys r?v?nu??.Expenses: Th??? are ???t? u??d up b? th? ??m??n? in performing its m?in ???r?ti?n?. The m?t?hing principle requires that expenses be r???rt?d ?n th? in??m? ?t?t?m?nt when the related ??l?? ?r? made or when the costs ?r? u??d u? (r?th?r th?n in th? ??ri?d when th?? ?r? ??id).Losses: Th??? ?r? a n?t ?m?unt r?l?t?d t? transactions th?t ?r? n?t ??n?id?r?d part ?f the companys main ???r?ting ??tiviti??. F?r ?x?m?l?, lets ??? a r?t?il ?l?thing company owns an ?ld ??m?ut?r th?t i? carried ?n it? accounting r???rd? at $650. If the company sells that computer f?r $300, th? ??m??n? r???iv?? ?n ????t (???h ?f $300) but it mu?t also r?m?v? $650 ?f asset am ounts from it? ????unting r???rd?. Th? r??ult i? a L??? ?n S?l? of C?m?ut?r ?f $350. Th? $300 ??lling price will not be included in th? companys ??l?? or revenues.IMPORTANCE OF GOOD ACCOUNTING IN ANY BUSINESSWhen it comes to k???ing g??d r???rd?, w? ?ll ???m t? ??kn?wl?dg? that thing? ??uld b? done b?tt?r. A? a bu?in??? ?wn?r ?r ??u tr?ing t? ?t?rt a new bu?in???, you ?h?uld kn?w th?t it i? v?r? important to be ?rg?niz?d.It’? n??rl? impossible to run a successful business if you are constantly h?ving t? ???r?h f?r ????rw?rk ?nd im??rt?nt fil??. Keeping g??d r???rd? ??n ??m?tim?? b? diffi?ult, but it’? definitely w?rth th? ?ff?rtAv?il?bilit? ?f accounting in ?n? business tr?n???ti?n? ignit?? th? business t? run with efficiency, effectiveness and ???ur??? m?nn?r ?n all the ??tiviti?? und?rt?k?n. This leads t? more ?r?du?ti?n? ?in?? ??u will m?k? th? right d??i?i?n ?nd ?r???r ?l?nning due t? the g??d fl?w of tr?n???ti?n? in a bu?in???.H?r? ?r? a few reasons wh? it’? so im??rt?ntH elps in Budget Pl?nningBudgeting i? a ??r? f??t?r in every bu?in???. Planning budgets h?l? business to m?k? ?tr?t?gi??, ??v? money and noticing ?n? ?x??nditur? ?x???ding th? budg?t?d ?m?unt.To m?k? a budg?t you n??d v?ri?u? ?r?vi?u? r???rd?. In ?rd?r for these documents t? be ?v?il?bl?, th?? mu?t b? very w?ll maintained through accounting ?in?? they are the b??i? ?f ?l?nning ?nd making budgets.Easy Bu?in??? M?n?g?m?nt and Pr???r D??i?i?n M?kingN? ?n? kn?w? your bu?in??? b?tt?r th?n ??u d?, but r?li?bl? inf?rm?ti?n can ?nl? b? extracted from the r???rd? ??u keep.G??d r???rd? ?ll?w ??u to identify all ?f ??ur assets, ?x??n???, income, ?nd liabilities. Thi? lets ??u see the ?tr?ngth? and weaknesses ?f your bu?in???, whi?h will ?n?bl? you to make better financial decisions. A??ur?t? ????unt? giv? r??l-tim? d?t? f?r b?tt?r reporting and forecasting. G??l? ?nd ?bj??tiv?? th?t ?r? ?r??t?d with ???ur?t? inf?rm?ti?n ?r? m?r? easily m???ur?bl?.If you d?n’t h?v? good r???rd?, it’? mu?h h?r d?r to make g??d d??i?i?n?.H?l?? to stay ?rg?niz?d wh?n d??ling with ?u?t?m?r? ?nd ?u??li?r?All ?r?du?ing inv?i???, quotations ?nd ??tim?t?? ?r?m?tl? ?r? vit?l. An ??rl? ??tim?t? ??n b? th? difference between winning ?nd l??ing a j?b. Similarly d? n?t r?l? on supplier’s ?t?t?m?nt?. Y?u need t? kn?w before they t?ll you h?w mu?h you ?w?.Makes it easy to prepare financial accountsH?v? you ?v?r w?nd?r?d whether ??u ?r? m?king ?r l??ing money? Financial ????unt? do th?t for ??u. Y?u w?nt t? kn?w h?w ??ur business is performing. Al?? ??u ??n compare ?n? fin?n?i?l ????unt with another over a period ?f tim?, m??b? this ???r with th? ?r?vi?u? ???r.E??? in finding important inf?rm?ti?n and documentsOften tim?? you might h?v? a ?u?t?m?r or a supplier di??uting ??ur inv?i??, b? being ?rg?niz?d you ??n quickly ?nd ???il? find information r?g?rding th? original order ?nd th? g??d? ?nd work supplied.Bank loan ?r overdraft can be ???????d ???il?Yes, banks lik? it wh?n you seek ?n ?v?rdr?ft f?r t he right r????n ?nd ?t th? right tim?. D?n’t w?it until ??u need ?n? to ??k for it.In ?rd?r to g?t ?n? loan fr?m the fin?n?i?l institution, you mu?t be ?bl? to ?r???nt ??ur financial status in ?????t?bl? order. Getting these loans ?h?uldnt be h?rd; all you need t? h?v? i? a ?r???r accounting ???t?m so ?? to present v?ri?u? books ?f r???rd? such ?? profits recorded, ????t? ?nd li?biliti??, taxes ??id among others.Financial in?tituti?n? will ??rutiniz? th?m ??r?full? before landing to a d??i?i?n ?f ?w?rding l??n.Tax ???m?nt? and ?th?r li?biliti?? ?r? settled ?n tim?T?x ?l?nning i? for everybody. S?t m?n?? aside when ??u h?v? th? ???h. Or make an ?rr?ng?m?nt with you tax agency in g??d time. P?n?lti?? ?r? h?r? t? stay!!! But w? ?r? here to ?v?id them. B? the tim? a d??dlin? ??m?? ?v?r?thing will b? filed ?nd in g??d order.T?x ???iti?n ??n b? accurately ?h??k?dY?ur tax agencies ?r? run by humans, ?? ??m?tim?? they m?k? mistakes. H?ving a g??d ????unting r???rd ??n help ??u ?h??k the ? ??ur??? ?f ??ur t?x ???iti?n, ?nd benefits attached t? it.H?l?? t? r?du?? ??ur ????unt?nt’? f??? and save th?m tim?It will ?lw??? h?l? by giving ??u ?xtr? v?lu? f?r ??ur m?n??. But if r???rd? are r??ll? untidy eventually thi? will ???t ??u m?r?. If your r???rd? ?r? in ?rd?r, ??ur ????unt?nt won’t have to d? as mu?h work ?r??ting ?u?rt?rl? ?r yearly financial r???rt?.Y?u will also b?n?fit from ?ui?k t?x ?r???r?ti?n when financial d?t? i? ?ffi?i?ntl? ?rg?niz?d.Makes ??u filling your t?x r?turn ???i?r ?nd ??n ??v? ??u t?xHave ??u ?v?r h?d a ??ll fr?m your ????unt?nt w?nting t? kn?w about a VAT Return ?r some other it?m of expenditure? M??b? h? needs t? m?k? a ?l?im to th? tax ?g?n?? f?r T?x Relief. B? b?ing ?rg?niz?d ??u ?r? ?ur? t? in?lud? ?v?r?thing ??u ?r? entitled t? in ?n? ?l?im ?r r?turn you m?k? t? ??ur t??k ?g?n??.Will ?u???rt ??ur claims t? ??m? t?x r?li?f? ?r ???it?l allowancesWhat are capital ?ll?w?n???? Th?? ?r? provisions th?t ??n save you a l?t ?f t?x wh?n you ?ur?h?? ? ??ui?m?nt or similar ????t?. D?n’t mi?? out ?n th? opportunity ju?t b???u?? you h?v? l??t th? ????rw?rk.You ?r? ?b??ing l?wG??d record k???ing i? a l?g?l r??uir?m?nt under the rul?? of assessment. So, b? b?ing ?rg?niz?d n?t only you h?v? all ?f the ?b?v? b?n?fit?, but ??u ?t?? within the l?w. C?m?l?ing with ??ur tax agencys r??uir?m?nt? i? in f??t a very important r????n wh? ??u ?h?uld keep g??d r???rd?.Helps T? K??? Y?ur Inv??t?r? Inf?rm?dFinancial statements ?nd accounts ?r? used t? r??r???nt th? organization t? th? ?t?k?h?ld?r? ?u?h as d?bt?r?, ?r?dit?r?, government, ?nd investors, customers ?nd ?m?l?????. Many inv??t?r? will run ?w?? from ??ur organization if you lack fin?n?i?l records ?nd ????unt? to ?r???nt? ?? ?? th?? can kn?w th? bu?in??? progress.

Illegal Immigrants A Modern Day Grapes of Wrath Essays

As depicted in John Steinbecks novel Grapes of Wrath the 1930s was a time when migrant workers like the storys Joad family had to leave their homes, cross a perilous desert, live through the social injustices of the time, and work at jobs with low insufficient pay just to have a better life (Steinbeck). Seventy years later, the situations and experiences stay the same but the people are no longer native-born Americans but illegal immigrants who sacrifice everything to come to the United States to live a better life, as a result of that the 500,000 immigrants that illegally enter the United States through the Mexican border annually and stay in the country are the Joads of today (Aizenman). In the Grapes of Wrath the Joad family had to†¦show more content†¦Crossing the border is a horrible experience. Unlike the 1930’s when migrant workers could carry some things, the immigrant has to carry light because at times they have to cross the Rio Grande and must be able to float (wnd). Other ways of crossing the border include riding on top of cargo trains. Crossing the border is not a safe feat neither, in certain parts up to 134 illegal immigrants die each year as they are trying to cross (National Geographic). The immigrants also have live through the animals, the heat, and the border patrol and immigration officers. As a result of increased border patrol, crossing the border has progressively become more difficult to do and has resulted in the decrease of number of immigrants. But how do the immigrants not get lost? The crossing of the border has become somewhat of a business and there are now crossing helpers known as â€Å"coyotes† that lead groups of immigrants; sometimes in these groups are young children that have their parents in the United States already (Garcà ­a). Coyotes charge up to $2000 and more for their services; at times they get lost and even lose people (Dougherty). The migrant workers of the 1930’s had a route to reach their destination; it was Route 66 (Steinbeck). The immigrants of the 21st century have no routes and follow landmarks such as mountains and even cactuses (National Geographic). Sometimes immigrants are not always certain of where they are in some cases and use roads to letShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 PagesMovement THE BLACKS 1865 and 1870 - Three Constitutional amendments: The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks the rights of citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment gave them the right to vote. Until the modern civil rights movement (1950s) blacks were denied access to public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and schools. There were separate facilities marked colored only, which was sanctioned by the courts. 1896 The Supreme Court: â€Å"RacialRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesMODERN HISTORY -2012 Topic one – USA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policiesRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesinvesting in. When vaudeville singing star Al Jolsen introduced a tune with, Wait a minute. Wait a minute. You aint heard nothing yet, audiences shrieked in delight. From that moment on, there didnt seem to be any going back to the days of silent film. During that same year, Fox worked to establish itself in the transition to sound films. Warner Bros. Vitaphone sound-on-disc system met direct competition by Foxs Movietone sound-on-film system. Fox specialized inRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagespassing in 1975 and after. Many believe that Selassie was a dictator and a cruel leader. That he is regarded as God incarnate seems patently absurd. 4. It is not clear whether Selassie believed himself to be a God. 5. For Rastas, marijuana, which is illegal in Jamaica, is a sacrament for worship. 6. Rastas regard western society as part of Babylon—a system and a place that is the enemy of the blacks of the world. FOREWORD ix 7. There is still no organized set of doctrines and teachings that

The Ethical Ambiguity Concerning the Death Penalty Essay

The question of ethical behavior is an age-old conundrum. The prevailing issue with ethics is that it is extremely difficult to measure. A person’s moral fabric is largely based on their particular personality traits, as well as, their psychological state and environmental influences. Many believe that ethics are tied to a person’s conscience, and that good morals are often facilitated by a strong religious background. Furthermore, a person’s moral development can be linked to their economic situation and cultural differences. Interestingly, even while examining the status of one’s moral code is challenging; everyone seems to have their own unique array of ethics. While this is an ambiguous subject, wracked with speculation and†¦show more content†¦No one should have to endure such needless suffering. Capital punishment used to be a routine universal practice. 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Types of Translation Free Essays

string(123) " that is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the second language and with grammatical form\." Types of translation. Types of translation classification. Administrative translation The translation of administrative texts. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Translation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although administrative has a very broad meaning, in terms of translation it refers to common texts used within businesses and organisations that are used in day to day management. It can also be stretched to cover texts with similar functions in government. Commercial translation Commercial translation or business translation covers any sort of document used in the business world such as correspondence, company accounts, tender documents, reports, etc. Commercial translations require specialiast translators with knowledge of terminology used in the business world. Computer translation Not to be confused with CAT, computer assisted translations, which refer to translations carried out by software. Computer translation is the translation of anything to do with computers such as software, manuals, help files, etc. Economic translation Similar to commercial or business translation, economic translation is simply a more specific term used for the translation of documents relating to the field of economics. Such texts are usually a lot more academic in nature. Financial translation Financial translation is the translation of texts of a financial nature. Anything from banking to asset management to stocks and bonds could be covered. General translation A general translation is the simplest of translations. A general text means that the language used is not high level and to a certain extent could be in layman’s terms. There is no specific or technical terminology used. Most translations carried out fall under this category. Legal translation Legal translations are one of the trickiest translations known. At its simplest level it means the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and treaties. A legal translation will always need specialist attention. This is because law is culture-dependent and requires a translator with an excellent understanding of both the source and target cultures. Most translation agencies would only ever use professional legal to undertake such work. This is because there is no real margin for error; the mistranslation of a passage in a contract could, for example, have disastrous consequences. When translating a text within the field of law, the translator should keep the following in mind. The legal system of the source text is structured in a way that suits that culture and this is reflected in the legal language; similarly, the target text is to be read by someone who is familiar with another legal system and its language. Literary translation A literary translation is the translation of literature such as novels, poems, plays and poems. The translation of literary works is considered by many one of the highest forms of translation as it involves so much more than simply translating text. A literary translator must be capable of also translating feelings, cultural nuances, humour and other subtle elements of a piece of work. Some go as far as to say that literary translations are not really possible. In 1959 the Russian-born linguist Roman Jakobson went as far as to declare that â€Å"poetry by definition [was] untranslatable†. In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, â€Å"Lost in Translation,† which in part explores this subject. Medical translation A medical translation will cover anything from the medical field from the packaging of medicine to manuals for medical equipments to medical books. Like legal translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences. Technical translation A technical translation has a broad meaning. It usually refers to certain fields such as IT or manufacturing and deals with texts such as manuals and instructions. Technical translations are usually more expensive than general translations as they contain a high amount of terminology that only a specialist translator could deal with. According to Brislin (1976: 1) translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. Another expert, Wilss (1982: 3), states that translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written source language text (SLT) into an optimally equivalent target language text (TLT), and which requires the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source text. Syntactic understanding is related to style and meaning. Understanding of semantics is meaning related activity. Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to the message or implication of a sentence. This definition does not states what is transferred. Rather, it states the requirement of the process. Nida and Taber (1982: 12) see translating as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. In other words, translation is a transfer of meaning, message, and style from one SLT to the TLT. In the order of priority, style is put the last. Here the things to reproduce (transfer) is stated, message. Newmark (1991: 27) defines the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language to another. The discussion on meaning can be seen at sub-point F. Meaning, Message, and Style. ) According to the purpose, translation can be divided into four types: (a) pragmatic, (b) aesthetic-poetic, (c) ethnographic, and (d) linguistic translation (Brislin, 1976: 3-4). Pragmatic translation is the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information meant to be communica ted in the target language form. Belonging to such translation is the translation of technical information, such as repairing instructions. The second type is aesthetic-poetic translation that does not only focus on the information, but also the emotion, feeling, beauty involved in the original writing. The third is ethnographic translation that explicates the cultural context of the source and second language versions. The last type is linguistic translation, the one that is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the second language and with grammatical form. You read "Types of Translation" in category "Papers" Seen from this classification, the translation of literary work should be the aesthetic-poetic one. The other kinds of translation or translation approach important to review are the ones related to the concept of dynamic translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, and artistic translation. Dynamic translation tries to transfer the messages or ideas into a target language and to evoke in the target language readers the responses that are substantially equivalent to those experienced by the source text readers (Nida and Taber, 1982 :28). A definition of dynamic translation centers on the concept of dynamic equivalence, that is the closest natural equivalence to the source language message. Hohulin (1982: 15) notices that the definition of dynamic translation contains three essential terms: (a) equivalent, which points toward the source language message, (b) natural, which points toward the receptor language, and (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. Dynamic equivalence approach can be used in the level of translating sentences or group of sentences, because the whole message lies here. Similar to the above concept is the idiomatic translation developed by Beekman and Callow (in Gutt, 1991: 68). It resembles the dynamic equivalence approach in the sense that it rejects the form-oriented translation and emphasizes that a translation should convey the meaning of the original. A translation, according to this approach, should be faithful to the ‘dynamics’ of the original, or the SL’s ‘naturalness’ of language use and ease of comprehension. The idea of dynamic translation was first proposed by Nida and Taber and the semantic and communicative translation was by Newmark. He even states that the concepts represent his main contribution to general theory of translation (Newmark, 1991: 10). It seems to be a reaction to the concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence, literal and free translation. In the above dichotomy, the first â€Å"pole† of the dichotomy (formal equivalence and literal translation) seems to be condemned for being not be able to transfer the message. Semantic and communicative translation seem to be in the middle of the two poles formal and dynamic translation. (Here formal translation is understood as translation that pursues the formal equivalence and dynamic translation is the one that seeks for the dynamic equivalence. Discussion on the issue of equivalence can be seen in the next sub-point. ) Semantic translation emphasizes the â€Å"loyalty† to the original text. It is more semantic and syntactic oriented and, therefore, also author-centered. On the other hand, communicative translation emphasizes the loyalty to the â€Å"readers† and more reader-centered. The two concepts are not to be contrasted with literal word-for-word translation which is criticized in the concept of formal translation and literal translation. He sees it as a translation procedure. He states that literal word-for-word translation is not only the best in both communicative and semantic translation, but it is the only valid method of translation if equivalent effect is secured (Newmark, 1991: 10-11). He further maintains that, in fact, there is no pure communicative or pure semantic method of translating a text. There are overlapping bands of methods. A translation can be more or less semantic as well as more or less communicative. Even a part of a sentence can be treated more communicatively or more semantically. Anyhow he maintains that the more important the language of the text or units of text, e. g. in the sacred texts, the more closely it should be translated. Finally he points out that meaning is complicated, many-leveled, a ‘network of relation’. The more generalization and simplification is done, the less meaning is gotten. From this discussion, it can be argued that the choice between semantic and communicative approach is done in the level of translating sentences or even parts of sentence (Newmark, 1991: 10). In the area of literary translation, Chukovsky (1984) offers the concept of artistic translation. Like the other types of translation, meaning is a very important point to consider. Yet, style is taken as importantly as the other aspects for style is the portrait of the author; so when a translator distorts his style he also distorts ‘his face’ (Chukovsky, 1984: 20). Besides the meaning, impression on the readers should also be kept the same. This translation expert states that it is essential that the readers of the translation should be carried into the very same sphere as the readers of the original, and the translation must act in the very same nerves (Chukovsky, 1984: 80). To compare, formal and dynamic translation center on the message of the original, the semantic and communicative translation on whether author-centered or reader-centered, and artistic translation does on the consideration of literary aspects: ideas and style. The concepts are based on different ground. It is clear that the concept of dynamic translation is suitable for translating the Bible. It is so because the concept of dynamic equivalence itself was developed from the practice of Bible translation. As it is known, there are many kinds of text some of which are with the characteristics different from the Bible. The semantic and communicative ones, on the other hand, can be applied at any kinds of text. The case of style is also discussed by Newmark in his hint that â€Å"the more important the language of the text or units of text, the more closely it should be translated. † Finally, artistic translation is probably most appropriate for translating certain literary works, like poetry. Maintaining the author’ style accurately is very difficult in certain novels as the translator is confronted with the syntactic system as well as literary convention of the target language. 1) Communicative classification of translation ) Genre classification of translation 3) Psycho-linguistic classification of translation 1) Communicative classification of translation is based on the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process. Translation can be literary and informative. Literary translation is the translation of literary text s. The main function of literary translation is to produce an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the reader. The informative translation deals with rendering into target language the non-literary texts. The main purpose of the informative translation is to convey a certain amount of ideas. 2) Literary works fall into genres. The technical translation the main goal is to identify the situation described in the original. In official documents every word must be carefully chosen. Publicistic texts include the translations of newspapers, magazines, ect. To other genres belong the translations of film scripts, where the main problem is to fit pronunciation and the choice of words. The translations of commercials are those, the main goal of which is to attract the attention of the audience. ) The  psycho-linguistic classification  of translation falls into written and oral translation, consecutive and simultaneous translation, compression and text development. In written translation the original text is in written form as well as in target language. Written translation is continuous, oral translation is commentary (one time action). There are two main types of oral translation. In con secutive translation the translating starts after the original speech of some part of it has been completed. In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering his message. The difference between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation – in simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is much more limited in time. The length of the text translated is much shorter than in consecutive translation. Unlike consecutive interpretation, were the interpreter may correct mistakes and slips of the tongue, simultaneous has no time for corrections and redoing. Text compression is aimed at saving interpretation time and removing source text redundancy, which allows the interpreter to keep in pace with the source text, not sacrificing the context. It is more often used in simultaneous interpretation. Basic comprehension devices in the Ua-En translation are: 1) Transformation of the nominative structures into the verbal ones 2) Conversion of prepositional constructions into noun clusters 3) Omission of transformation of words and word combinations typical to Ukrainian style and considered redundant according to English speech standards. Compression is more often used in translations from Ukrainian into English because the English way of expression is more concise. And often English text contains no redundant words, which is explained by the analytical structure of the language. Text development is more often used in consecutive translation. It is reflected in the note-taking procedure. Text development in the course of interpretation is the restoration of the full composition of the source sentence, starting from its syntactic and semantic core, accompanied by compliance with syntactic and semantic standards of the target language. The note-taking procedure includes main ideas (skeleton outline, subject-predicate-object), links and separations, viewpoints of the speaker, tenses and modalities, proper and geographical names, dates and numbers. How to cite Types of Translation, Papers

Technologies and instructions in the learning process

The emerging technologies have changed the general way of life of humankind. One of the factors that technology has had a serious bearing on is instruction. Instruction is very important in daily life of an individual. Instruction cannot be avoided, irrespective of one’s age, financial status or the position held in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies and instructions in the learning process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In one way or another, there will be an instruction that one would have to follow in order to get the desired results. To students, instruction is the way of life. Students have to follow instruction right from the time they set their foot into the school compound. There will be instruction on how to manage time, which place to be at specific times and many other issues that would require instructions to be followed. One of the main areas where instruction is vital to a student is when handling an exam, an assignment, or other such related activities. Success or failure of a student would start by following or failure to follow instruction. Technology has played a very important role in the process of delivering instructions. It is now possible to record an instruction in an audio-visual or in hard copes like in a paper, thanks to technology. A student can go through the recorded instruction severally in order to be acquainted with it and act within its perimeter. Technology has completely changed the way in which instruction is designed and delivered. It is an open truth that technology improves instruction. Shambaugh and Magliaro (2006) argue that a good instruction is one that is clear to the target audience, precise and easy to follow. Given the above attributes, technology would improve instruction by allowing the target audience the ability to go through the instruction a number of times to make it clearer. With the help of technology, the person delivering the instruction can make it shorter and precise for the recipient to understand it easily. Although a number of scholars have argued that the use of technology in instructions is just but a trend, there are strong signs that show that technology in instruction is here to stay. There cannot be a better way to formulate and deliver an instruction without using technology. It is true that the current technology being used to deliver instruction may change in future. However, this technology would come with better methods for formulation and delivery of instructions.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Shambaugh, N. Magliaro, S. G. (2006). Instructional design: A systematic approach for reflective practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. This essay on Technologies and instructions in the learning process was written and submitted by user Ulises F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Development of Thetrical Text From Classical Period essays

Development of Thetrical Text From Classical Period essays Aristotle was the first person to describe theatre theory, he also was the first who social and spiritual interpretation of text. He first classified, described and moreover produced a clear idea which way theatre is structured. According to Aristotle text is representation. It is important to look at the perceived reality and study it particularly. Aristotle rejected Platos theory of forms and moved to the theory being. He did so by observing reality, analyzing it and finally classifying. For Aristotle poetry is an object of studying like any other phenomenon, it is a useful representation (involving intellectual process, process of identification) of reality, it arouses emotion and brings purification of reality. Poetry represents what people would say or would do, thus clarity of causes and effects. Tragedy, through pity and fear, accomplishes the catharsis of emotions. Tragic catharsis, however, cannot be reduced to the purgation of the emotions. As Aristotle put the catharsi s clause at the end of the definition of tragedy, catharsis must be the final cause of making tragedies and represent the proper effect of the tragedy. On the other hand, catharsis as purgation of emotion is an automatic process on the side of the audience after they feel pity and fear and is not characteristic of tragic performance. Aristotle argues that comedy imitates the action of men worse than ourselves. However, not every kind of fault but only the ridiculous, which is a species of the ugly should be imitated in comedy. This ridiculous is a kind of mistake which is not painful or destructive. Aristotle also argues that the pleasure derived from the double construction of plot (poetic justice) belongs rather to comedy than tragedy. Tragedy imitates the action of superior people is a generic specification concerning what tragedy imitates and not a requirement concerning what tragedy should imitate. Similarly, not only the ideal comedy, bu...

How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] - Emphasis

How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] Over 120 people took part in our webinar on 23 November to learn some expert advice on  writing exceptional reports from our specialist  trainer, Gary Woodward. Many attendees sent in their questions  and key challenges  when it comes to writing reports and there were some common themes, which Gary addressed during this thirty-minute session. Gary focused on three areas: Engaging your readers and encouraging them to act Presenting your information with maximum visual impact Writing efficiently with effective editing Engaging readers Gary kicked off by  talking us through some proven  techniques for engaging your readers. Key to this is asking yourself reader-centred questions before you even start writing. What information is your reader looking for? Another crucial part of your reports success is its summary. It need to be concise and set out the content of your report in a way thats relevant to the interests of your reader (or readers). By the end of the summary, your  reader(s) need to know why they should be reading the document, what they need to know and what is expected of them. Presenting information Through your research, hard work and technical knowledge, you can produce excellent stats and insightful data. However, if you dont present this well, you risk confusing your reader and wasting your hard work. Gary showed us some editing techniques for  presenting information in a clear, easy-to-scan way. In particular, he  talked about one of his favourite techniques, Words in Tables (WiT). (For more information on WiT, visit www.jmoon.co.uk.) Effective editing Writing well  is not just about getting every word and sentence  right first time. Its about editing your writing so youre as clear and concise as possible. How many times do we edit the content we have written? Do we really look at ways of making it easier to read? And how  many times has a reader complained that a document was too easy to read? Gary had three top tips for making your writing concise, clear and easy to read: Put the ‘what’ before the ‘why’, so that your main messages come first. Keep verbs rather than change them into nouns. Favour the active voice over the passive. Want to access a copy of the webinar? To view a recording of the webinar and to access the full slide deck, click here. Interested in more free learning? If you want more advice on improving your business writing, why not download our free guide, The Write Stuff? Click here to get your free copy today.